Year 11 Exam>Year 11 Notes>Biology for GCSE/IGCSE>Chapter Note: Gas Exchange in Humans
- Respiration and Gas Exchange
- Importance of Respiration
Respiration is vital for every living cell as it provides the energy needed for various essential functions:- Contracting muscles for movement
- Cell division to repair damaged tissues and facilitate growth
- Synthesis of protein molecules by linking amino acids
- Facilitating active transport across cell membranes
- Transmission of nerve impulses for rapid information transfer within the body
- Generation of heat to maintain constant body temperature (homeostasis)
- Process of Respiration
Respiration involves a series of chemical reactions in cells where food is broken down to release energy, typically by combining it with oxygen:- Aerobic Respiration
The process of releasing energy from glucose by combining it with oxygen occurs in the mitochondria. It follows the equation:
Glucose + Oxygen → Carbon Dioxide + Water (C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂ → 6CO₂ + 6H₂O) - Anaerobic Respiration
Some cells can break down nutrient molecules to release energy without oxygen. For example:- In single-celled fungi, glucose can be converted to alcohol and carbon dioxide.
- In humans, when oxygen is scarce, glucose is converted to lactic acid.
- Aerobic Respiration
- Gas Exchange and Breathing
- Gas exchange is essential for inhaling oxygen and exhaling carbon dioxide. This process occurs at permeable surfaces.
- Breathing involves muscular movements that supply the respiratory surface with oxygen, ensuring the exchange of gases.
- Nutrient Transport and Cellular Uptake
Food is digested and broken down into smaller molecules that are absorbed into the blood from the intestine. The blood then transports these nutrients to all cells in the body for uptake as needed.
- Importance of Respiration
- Characteristics of Efficient Gas Exchange Surfaces:
- They are thin and allow gases to diffuse rapidly.
- They are closely connected to an efficient transport system for gases.
- They possess a large surface area to facilitate simultaneous gas diffusion.
- They have a good oxygen supply, often facilitated by breathing movements.
- Components of the Respiratory System:
- External intercostal muscle
- Internal intercostal muscle
- Rib cross-section
- Pleural membranes
- Pleural fluid
- Bronchiole
- Alveoli (air sacs)
- The nose and mouth
- Nose and Mouth Functions:
- The air entering through the nose gets moistened, warmed, and filtered before reaching the lungs.
- Within the nose, turbinal bones are covered with a thin layer of cells.
- Some cells, known as goblet cells, secrete mucus, while others have cilia (hair-like projections).
- The moving cilia trap bacteria in the mucus secreted.
- Trachea and Associated Structures:
- Epiglottis, a cartilaginous structure at the top of the trachea, prevents food from entering the airway.
- Below the epiglottis lies the larynx, containing vocal cords.
- The trachea is supported by rings of cartilage to maintain its patency.
- Ciliated cells and goblet cells play important roles in the trachea's functioning.
- Respiratory System Overview
- The trachea in the thorax divides into two branches known as the right and left bronchi.
- These bronchi further branch into smaller tubes called bronchioles.
- At the end of each bronchiole are tiny air sacs called alveoli, where gas exchange occurs.
- Alveoli have a single-cell thickness, facilitating efficient oxygen diffusion into the blood due to a large surface area.
- Breathing movements ensure a good oxygen supply to the lungs, aided by the constant pulmonary artery blood flow.
- Breathing Process
- Inhalation:
- The diaphragm lowers, and the rib cage rises, expanding the thorax volume, drawing air into the lungs.
- Exhalation:
- The diaphragm moves up, and the rib cage lowers, reducing thorax volume, forcing air out of the lungs.
- Inhalation:
- Gas Exchange
- Gas exchange involves the transfer of gases across a respiratory surface, such as oxygen intake and carbon dioxide removal.
- This process occurs during both plant photosynthesis and respiration.
- Thorax Volume and Oxygen Uptake
- The thorax volume increases as the intercostal muscles and diaphragm contract during inhalation.
- Conversely, during exhalation, the thorax volume decreases as the intercostal muscles and diaphragm relax.
- Oxygen uptake by respiring organisms can be measured using a respirometer, where the rate of respiration is calculated based on the movement of a colored dye.
- Carbon dioxide produced by organisms is absorbed by soda lime in the respirometer setup.
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