Year 11 Exam>Year 11 Notes>Biology for GCSE/IGCSE>Chapter Note: Transport in animals
Circulatory System Overview
- Definition: The circulatory system is a network of blood vessels equipped with a pump and valves that ensure the one-way flow of blood.
- Single Circulation:
- Involves blood passing through the heart only once.
- Example: Fish have a single circulation system.
- Double Circulation:
- Entails blood passing through the heart twice.
- Example: Mammals exhibit double circulation.
- Advantageous as it maintains higher blood pressure compared to single circulation.
- Blood Flow Process:
- Pulmonary Circuit:
- Deoxygenated blood enters the right atrium and then the right ventricle.
- It is pumped by the right ventricle to the lungs for oxygenation.
- Oxygenated blood returns to the heart through the left atrium and left ventricle.
- Oxygenated blood is circulated to the rest of the body.
- Systemic Circuit:
- Systemic capillaries, aorta, pulmonary artery, and pulmonary vein are involved.
- Various valves like atrioventricular and semilunar valves regulate blood flow.
- Blood is pumped to the body cells for oxygen exchange.
- Pulmonary Circuit:
Superior Vena Cava | Right Atrium | Atrioventricular Valve | Right Ventricle | Semilunar Valve | Pulmonary Artery | Lungs |
Pulmonary Vein | Left Atrium | Atrioventricular Valve | Left Ventricle | Semilunar Valve | Aorta | Inferior Vena Cava |
- Functions of Different Structures in the Heart:
- Atrium:
- The right and left atrium contract to pump blood into the right and left ventricles respectively.
- Ventricles:
- The right ventricle contracts to pump blood to the lungs for oxygenation.
- The left ventricle contracts to pump blood to the rest of the body, with a thicker wall for increased force due to longer distance.
- Atrioventricular Valves:
- These valves separate the atria and ventricles on both sides of the heart, preventing backflow and ensuring one-way blood flow.
- Semilunar Valves:
- Found in the pulmonary arteries and the aorta, they prevent backflow and ensure unidirectional blood flow in the arteries.
- Pulmonary Artery:
- Carries blood from the right ventricle to the lungs.
- Pulmonary Vein:
- Carries blood from the lungs to the left atrium.
- Aorta:
- A large artery carrying blood from the left ventricle to the body.
- Vena Cava:
- A large vein transporting deoxygenated blood from the body back to the heart (right atrium).
- Septum:
- A muscular wall separating the heart's right and left sides to prevent mixing of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood.
- Atrium:
- Activity of the Heart:
- Physical activity increases heart rate, which is the rate at which the heart beats.
- Pulse rate is a common method to measure heart rate, reflecting the heart's contractions and resulting blood pressure changes.
- During physical activity, increased energy demand in muscles necessitates quicker blood flow to supply oxygen/nutrients and remove waste products like carbon dioxide.
- Electrocardiogram (ECG):
- An ECG device tracks heart activity accurately, measuring pulse rates by monitoring heart valve movements.
- Coronary Heart Disease
- The heart muscles require a consistent blood supply since they are also active muscles.
- The coronary artery is crucial as it supplies blood to the heart muscles.
- Coronary heart disease occurs when the coronary artery becomes obstructed, leading to a lack of blood (and oxygen) in the heart muscles, ultimately resulting in a heart attack.
- Causes of Coronary Heart Disease
- The narrowing of the coronary artery starts with the accumulation of cholesterol on its inner walls.
- Total blockage can happen when a blood clot obstructs these already narrowed arteries.
- Risk Factors for Coronary Heart Disease
- Poor diet choices
- Stress
- Smoking
- Genetic predisposition
- Advancing age
- Gender (men are generally at higher risk)
- Treatment Options
- Medications like blood thinners are prescribed to lessen the likelihood of blood clot formation.
- Surgical Treatments
- Stent: A tube-shaped device inserted into coronary arteries to keep them open.
- Angioplasty: A stent with an inflatable balloon to widen the artery further after stent insertion.
- Bypass Surgery: Creating a new pathway for blood flow when the stent is in place.
- Blood Vessels:
- Overview: Blood vessels are tube-like structures responsible for carrying blood throughout the body's tissues and organs.
- Pathway of Blood: Blood flows from the heart through a series of vessels:
- Heart → Artery → Arteriole → Capillary → Venule → Vein → Heart.
- Arteries:
- Function: Arteries transport blood away from the heart.
- Structural Features:
- Thick muscular walls to withstand high blood pressure.
- Narrow lumen that expands and contracts to maintain blood pressure.
- No valves due to high pressure preventing backflow.
- Arterioles:
- Description: Arterioles are smaller branches of arteries leading to capillaries.
- Characteristics:
- Muscular/elastic walls that can constrict or dilate to regulate blood flow.
- Capillaries:
- Function: Capillaries facilitate nutrient and waste exchange between blood and tissues.
- Features:
- Single-cell thick walls for rapid diffusion.
- Small lumen diameter allowing close proximity of blood cells to walls for efficient diffusion.
- No valves due to narrow lumen ensuring unidirectional blood flow.
- Venules:
- Definition: Venules are small vessels formed by the merging of capillaries.
- Veins:
- Role: Veins carry blood back to the heart.
- Structural Traits:
- Thin walls with less muscle and elastic fibers due to lower pressure.
- Large lumen to reduce blood flow resistance.
- Valves present to prevent backflow.
- Shunt Vessels:
- Connect arterioles directly to venules, bypassing capillaries.
- Allow for alternate blood flow routes.
- Walls capable of constriction and dilation to regulate blood flow.
- Introduction to Tissue Fluid:
- Tissue fluid is a fluid that surrounds and bathes most body tissues.
- It serves as a medium for the exchange of nutrients and waste products between the blood and the respiring tissues.
- For instance:
- Waste products like CO2 move from cells to tissue fluid before entering the bloodstream.
- Nutrients such as glucose move from the blood to tissue fluid before reaching the cells.
- Formation and Function of Tissue Fluid:
- Tissue fluid is created by the leakage of certain substances from blood capillaries.
- It is then drained by the lymphatic vessels of the lymphatic system.
- The lymphatic system consists of lymphatic vessels that carry 'lymph' and lymph nodes that produce lymphocytes for immunity.
- Composition of Blood:
- Blood is composed of various components, including:
- Red blood cells
- White blood cells
- Platelets
- Plasma
- Blood is composed of various components, including:
- Blood Plasma:
- Blood plasma accounts for approximately 50% of blood volume.
- It is a yellowish liquid that transports other blood components like RBCs, WBCs, and platelets.
- Red Blood Cells (RBCs):
- RBCs contain hemoglobin, which binds to oxygen for distribution throughout the body.
- White Blood Cells (WBCs):
- WBCs are vital components of the immune system that combat foreign organisms such as bacteria.
- There are two main types of WBCs:
- Phagocytes, which engulf and digest pathogens through phagocytosis.
- Lymphocytes, a type of WBC that generates antibodies.
- Platelets
- Platelets are tiny blood components crucial for clot formation, which is a vital protective mechanism preventing excessive blood loss following an injury.
- Upon encountering tissue damage, platelets rapidly aggregate and release chemical signals that attract neighboring cells, leading to the formation of a clot.
- A sequence of chemical reactions occurs, where fibrinogen is transformed into fibrin, creating a mesh that entraps red blood cells (RBCs), eventually forming a solid clot that seals the wound.
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